- Vitalik Buterin says Ethereum has overcome the blockchain trilemma through two technical advances.
- The December Fusaka upgrade added peer data availability sampling (PeerDAS), boosting blob capacity and enabling lighter node verification.
- Steady progress in zero-knowledge virtual machines cuts validator computation by using proofs for batches of transactions.
- Buterin called the progress a long journey and said full benefits will take years to implement across Ethereum.
- Upcoming upgrades like block-level access lists and enshrined proposer-builder separation will help integrate these technologies; wider adoption could occur by 2030.
Vitalik Buterin wrote on X that Ethereum has solved the blockchain trilemma by combining the Fusaka upgrade with advances in zero-knowledge virtual machines, enabling greater scalability without sacrificing decentralization or safety. You can read his post here.
The December upgrade, codenamed Fusaka, introduced peer data availability sampling, known as PeerDAS. PeerDAS lets individual nodes store only fractions of blob data while still verifying entire datasets, and the change increased blob capacity roughly eightfold, with further increases planned in smaller steps.
Buterin suggested that PeerDAS could eventually lower costs for on-chain transactions. He said, “We think of blobs as being for L2s,” and added, “In the long term, we want to dump L1 data into blobs as well.”
Parallel progress on zero-knowledge virtual machines offers a more efficient block-verification approach. Instead of every validator re-executing all transactions, a single prover can create a proof that a whole batch is correct, reducing computational demand on validators and keeping participation accessible to smaller nodes.
Buterin said ZK virtual machines are at “production-quality performance,” while “remaining work is safety.” He noted that several network upgrades—such as block-level access lists and enshrined proposer-builder separation—will make running ZK VMs easier. He expects the full transition to become the primary validation method on Ethereum by 2030, though widespread use will take years to realize.
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