- Ethereum deployed its Fusaka upgrade on Wednesday, marking its second significant update in 2025.
- Fusaka enhances data capacity for layer 2 blockchains, allowing increased transaction throughput while reinforcing network security.
- The upgrade introduces peer data availability sampling (PeerDAS) to optimize data storage and verification.
- Incremental capacity increases are planned, with minor upgrades on December 9 and January 7.
- Fusaka also adds biometric transaction signing and strengthens defenses against denial-of-service attacks.
On Wednesday, Ethereum launched its second major upgrade of the year, called Fusaka, aimed at lowering transaction costs on connected layer 2 blockchains. This update enhances user experience and bolsters network security against common exploits.
Fusaka primarily increases the volume of data that layer 2 blockchains can send to Ethereum for settlement. These blockchains transmit data packets known as blobs, and the upgrade introduces a system called peer data availability sampling (PeerDAS). PeerDAS allows individual nodes to store only parts of blob data while still verifying the full dataset’s accuracy. This method improves scalability without compromising Ethereum’s security or decentralization.
Before Fusaka, layer 2s could send up to nine blobs per block. The upgrade expands this capacity by eight times, though the increase will happen gradually through smaller updates. The first of these is scheduled for December 9, raising capacity to 15 blobs per block, followed by another on January 7 to increase the limit to 21 blobs per block. Alex Stokes of the Ethereum Foundation explained on a livestream hosted by EthStaker that the cautious rollout is to monitor how the network adapts to the new technique.
Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin noted that while blobs currently benefit layer 2 blockchains, they may also reduce transaction costs on Ethereum’s mainnet in the future.
Beyond data upgrades, Fusaka introduces biometric transaction signing, enabling users to authorize transactions using technologies like facial recognition on smartphones. It also includes improvements that protect Ethereum from denial-of-service attacks, where attackers flood the network with spam transactions to cause disruption.
Paul Brody from the Enterprise Ethereum Alliance highlighted on the livestream that these strategic upgrades are part of a broader plan to support potentially trillions of daily transactions as Ethereum scales.
Looking ahead, the next significant update, named Glamsterdam, is planned for 2026. This future upgrade aims to further reduce transaction fees on Ethereum’s mainnet.
Aleks Gilbert is the correspondent covering decentralized finance developments.
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